I.i HDI and the United Nations
The
Human Development Index (HDI) was first released as part of the United Nation’s
Human Development Report 1990. It signalled a move towards a more holistic view
of development which had previously focused almost exclusively on income per
capita. The report stated:
“development is much more
than just the expansion of income and wealth… it is the process of enlarging people’s
choices”
(UNDP, 1990, p. 10)
As such a capabilities
based approach to development focusing on health and education as well as
income was formed with the aim of expanding people’s choices. In its present
format, the HDI consists of three composite indices, for health, education and
standard of living, each with equal weight as explained fully in II.1.
HDI
|
Health
|
Education
|
Standard
|
|
|
Index
|
|
Index
|
of
Living
|
|
|
|
|
Index
|
|
Life
|
Literacy
|
Enrolment
|
Log Income
|
|
Expectancy
|
Rate
|
Rate
|
|
HDI
intends to shift the focus of development towards the three factors seen as key
in expanding the opportunities available to people, the ‘ends’ of development.
These three factors are difficult to measure precisely and so ‘proxies’ deemed
to be the best indicators of the level of these targets are chosen to form the
indices instead. Furthermore, the proxies chosen are relevant and available
indicators in every potential region of study, enabling international
comparison.
I.ii HDI and Tata Chemicals Society for Rural
Development
Tata Chemicals Society for Rural Development (TCSRD) has undergone a
similar shift in focus to that of the UN. From initially concentrating on
improving the availability of water, which as the scarce resource of the area
was the primary concern, the group has now broadened its field of interest to
include issues such as female empowerment, health and education.
There have been some
growing pains resulting from this process evident from the first measure of HDI
formed by the group which included water availability as a key component in the
standard of living index. Improving the availability of water and TCSRD’s
watershed management programme must now be viewed as part of an integrated
effort to improve the development of the region. It is important to emphasise
the shift of watershed management from being the final product and purpose of
TCSRD to becoming an integral part of a broader approach towards increasing the
standard of living in the area. There must be a shift in the thought process of
the group. Whereas before the thinking was along the lines of;
water = development
this should now be;
water => income ≈
standard of living = development
In other words, improved
water management leads to increased income which is our best indicator of the
standard of living which is a component of development. This subtle but
important shift in thinking does not render water management unimportant; in
fact it is likely to still be that main area of work for TCSRD. What it does
mean is that water management is no longer the reason for the group’s existence
but part of an integrated development plan.
As
already stated HDI is composed of three equally weighted indices for health
education and income each of which is composed through measurement of various
proxies for these factors.
HDI = 1/3 Health Index + 1/3 Education Index +
1/3 Standard of Living Index
In turn these three component indices are
composed as follows.
II.i Health Index
The Health Index represents
the extent to which life expectancy (LE) in the region analysed is greater than
minimum life expectancy (Min LE) as a proportion of the maximum difference
between possible life expectancies. Here Min LE is determined by the UN to be
25 and the maximum life expectancy (Max LE) in the world is set at 85 (roughly
the life expectancy in Japan).
Health Index =
(LE – Min LE) / (Max LE – Min LE)
(LE
– 25) / (85 – 25)
EXAMPLE
So, if life
expectancy in the region analysed is 64 years then the Health Index would be
0.65 as using the above formula we see (64-25)/(85-25) = 39/60 = 0.65. Were the
life expectancy of the region analysed to increase to 67 years then the Health
Index would increase to 0.7.
Note: Calculating life
expectancy is a complicated mathematical process but spreadsheets are provided
online which conduct the process automatically provided you have the data;
1. Number of deaths in each
age group over last 5 years.
2. Number of people in that
age group over last 5 years.
II.ii Education Index
The Education Index has two
component parts. The first is the literacy rate of the region analysed (given a
weight of two-thirds) and the second is the enrolment rate of the region (given
a weight of one-third)
Education Index = 2/3 Literacy Rate + 1/3
Enrolment Rate
The literacy rate is
defined as the percentage of people of the age 16 or over who are literate (can
read and understand a simple statement regarding their day-to-day life). The
enrolment rate is defined as the percentage of children of school-going age
(primary, secondary and tertiary) who go to school.
Literacy
Rate = Number of Literates (16+) / Number of People (16+) Enrolment Rate =
Number attending school / Number of school-going age
EXAMPLE
If the literacy rate of the region analysed were
45% and the enrolment rate were 60% then the Education Index would be 0.5 as
2/3 X 0.45 + 1/3 X 0.6 = 0.5. Were the enrolment rate in the area to increase
to 90% the Education Index would increase to 0.6 = 2/3 X 0.45 + 1/3 X 0.9.
II.iii The Standard of Living Index
The SoL Index
is the most complicated index and requires three pieces of information in order
to express the income of the region studied in terms of US dollars at
purchasing power parity (PPP US$). These three pieces of data are;
1. the income of the region analysed.
2. the exchange rate between
the region’s currency and the US$.
3. the price level index of
the region in comparison to the US price level = 100.
Income PPPUS$ = Income Rp X $:Rp Exchange Rate X
100/Region Price Level
EXAMPLE
Step 1: Using the first two
pieces of information we know that an annual income of Rp 45,000 equates to US$
1,000 at the exchange rate of Rp 1 = $ 45.
Step 2: Using
the third piece of information, that the price index of India is 33 (meaning
prices are 100/33 = 3 times higher in the US). Presuming that prices in the
region studies are similar to India as a whole, we know that Rp 45,000 would
have three times the purchasing power (could buy three times as much) in India
as US$ 1,000 could purchase in the US. As this is the case an income of Rp
45,000 equates to PPPUS$ 3,000.
The Standard of Living
Index is calculated using log income as the reference point. ‘Log’ is a
mathematical function which simply transforms one number to another. For
example log 1000 = 6.91 meaning the log function simply changes the number
1,000 to 6.91.
Finally, the Standard of
Living Index is calculated in much the same way as the Health Index. The UN has
set a minimum annual income per capita (Min Income) at PPPUS$100 and a maximum
(Max Income) at PPPUS$40,000.
SoL Index =
(log Income – log Min Income) / (log Max Income – log Min Income)
(log Income – log 100) /
(log 40,000 – log 100)
EXAMPLE
If
annual per capita income of the region studied is Rp45,000 we know from earlier
calculations that this equates to PPPUS$3,000 and we calculate the Standard of
Living Index as:
SoL Index
= (log 3,000 – log 100) / (log 40,000 –
log 100)
(8.01
– 4.61) / (10.60 – 4.61)
0.57
Were the income of the area
to increase to Rp60,000 equivalent to PPPUS$4,000 the SoL Index would increase
to 0.62.
II.iv log Income Explained
Log income is used rather
than income as it means that changes in income have greater impact on the SoL
Index at lower levels of income which intuitively makes sense.
|
Income (Rp/capita/annum)
|
70000
65000
60000
55000
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0.2 0.24 0.28
0.32 0.36 0.4
0.44 0.48 0.52
0.56 0.6 0.64
0.68 Standard of Living Index
Here we see that the log
curve becomes steeper at higher levels of income. At income level Rp100,000 the
SoL Index is 0.70 whereas at income level Rp10,000 the SoL Index is 0.31. To
increase the SoL Index by 0.1 at income level Rp100,000 income must increase by
Rp5,573 whereas to increase the same index by 0.1 at income level Rp10,000
income must only increase by Rp204. Because of the curved shape of log income,
the same change in income will change the Standard of Living Index more at
lower levels of income. This represents the fact that a change in income has a
greater effect on your standard of living the poorer you are. For example, an
extra Rp1,000 will effect your standard of living much more if you earn
Rp10,000 than if your income is Rp100,000.
The sources of information
for my study of HDI and the development of the development blueprint are
described below.
HDI Study, March 2008
The raw data from the
initial HDI study conducted in March 2008 was used for the education and income
indices as the data collected was suitable and the collection of income,
education and health data for all 18 villages would have been impossible over
the 6 week project period.
Census Data
Quantitative data was used
from the most recent census. As this is now a little dated it was primarily
useful to give an impression of the relative sizes of the villages.
Case Study Questionnaire
A case study
for a sample of villages was conducted to attempt to validate the information
attained from the HDI Study of March 2008 and assess key areas for development
for the blueprint.
Participatory Rural
Appraisal (PRA)
The main source of
qualitative data was PRA. Numerous informal meetings were held with cross
sections of the village community to discuss issues primarily concerning the
state of health and education in the village.
TCSRD Team
The TCSRD team have been
working in the fields of natural resource management (NRM), female empowerment
and health and education, all relevant to my study, for many years. They have a
deep knowledge of the issues relevant to my project and how they relate to the
region surrounding Mithapur which my study was concerned with.
TCSRD Workshop
A whole
day workshop with all the team was conducted to discuss HDI as a concept and
most importantly to pull together my work from the previous 5 weeks and
ascertain which of the potential health and education projects should be taken
forward and included into the blueprint.
IV.i Health Index
It was not possible to
calculate life expectancy for each village so a sample of 8 villages were taken
and a region life expectancy was calculated (see appendix for details).
The life
expectancy of the region was calculated as 60.84 years resulting in a Health
Index of 0.597, less than the Indian average of 0.645 which equates to a life
expectancy of 63.7 years.
IV.ii Education Index
Using the data collected in
March 2008 on literacy and enrolment rates an Education Index was constructed
for each village.
Literacy ranged from 26.5%
(Mulvel) to 54.3% (Bhimrana) whilst enrolment ranged from 42.1% (Mulvel) to
91.8% (Pindara). Overall Mulvel had the lowest Education Index score at 0.317
whilst Pindara’s was the highest at 0.586. The average for the villages was
0.479 which is lower than the Indian average of 0.620.
IV.iii Standard of Living Index
The
Standard of Living Index was calculated using income data collected in March
2008. However, in conducting my survey of households it was apparent that
incomes appear to be typically much higher (as much as 2 to 2.5 times higher)
that those reported from 2008. This highlights the difficulties associated with
acquiring accurate income data and perhaps suggests villagers have previously
under reported income when they have thought it would result in more assistance
from TCSRD. The typical US$:Rp exchange rate was taken to be 44.1 and the
difference in price levels between the US and India used was 4.69 (meaning
India has a price level of 21.3) as that was the price level used in the
2007/08 UN Human Development Report.
The lowest average per
capita income recorded was Rp4,944 (Aniyari) whilst the highest was Rp11,875
(Tupni). These values converted into PPPUS$526 and PPPUS$1,263 respectively
delivering a minimum Standard of Living Index score of 0.277 and a maximum of
0.423. The village average income per capita was Rp7,350 (PPPUS$771) resulting
in an Index score of 0.341. The average Indian income per capita recorded in
the UN HDR is PPPUS$3,452 or Rp32,900. Clearly incomes are below the Indian
average in this area but perhaps not by 4.5 times. I question the current
income data and believe it should be measured again. My surveys suggested the
average income to be closer to Rp12,000 resulting in a Standard of Living Index
of 0.425 instead of 0.341. Average income for the villages should be
re-measured before the start of the 5 year period.
IV.iv Human Development Index
Overall,
the HDI of the area is low, averaging 0.471 in comparison to India’s average of
0.619 which ranks India 128th of the 177 countries in the report and classifies
India as a ‘medium
human
development’ country. This area’s HDI value of 0.471 means the development of
the region is similar to that of Nigeria which scores 0.470 and ranks 158th of all countries in the
latest UN report. The UN categorizes all countries with a HDI less than 0.5 as
being of ‘low human development’ therefore a short term and attainable ambition
for TCSRD should be to raise the HDI of the area above this important threshold
value of 0.5.
The most developed village
(Tupni) has a HDI of 0.529 whilst the worst (Mulvel) has a score of 0.411 as
can be seen from Table 1 below. It is interesting to note from the table below
that this region follows the Indian trend of ranking strongest in Health and
worst in Standard of Living which suggests the area does not lag behind
excessively on any one index. In fact a lower index value is expected for
income which varies more widely internationally as opposed to health for which
the variation is lower.
|
Table 1
|
Education
|
Health
|
SoL
|
HDI
|
Rank
|
|
Aniyari
|
0.394
|
0.597
|
0.277
|
0.423
|
17
|
|
Bhimrana
|
0.530
|
0.597
|
0.357
|
0.495
|
5
|
|
Charakala
|
0.515
|
0.597
|
0.335
|
0.482
|
8
|
|
Gaga
|
0.455
|
0.597
|
0.349
|
0.467
|
11
|
|
Ghadechi
|
0.523
|
0.597
|
0.326
|
0.482
|
9
|
|
Goriali
|
0.456
|
0.597
|
0.352
|
0.468
|
10
|
|
Gurgad
|
0.527
|
0.597
|
0.336
|
0.487
|
6
|
|
Hamusar
|
0.440
|
0.597
|
0.316
|
0.451
|
13
|
|
Khatumba
|
0.516
|
0.597
|
0.344
|
0.486
|
7
|
|
Mojap
|
0.456
|
0.597
|
0.291
|
0.448
|
14
|
|
Mulvel
|
0.317
|
0.597
|
0.320
|
0.411
|
18
|
|
Okhamadhi
|
0.501
|
0.597
|
0.403
|
0.501
|
4
|
|
Padli
|
0.585
|
0.597
|
0.354
|
0.512
|
3
|
|
Pindara
|
0.586
|
0.597
|
0.356
|
0.513
|
2
|
|
Rajpara
|
0.494
|
0.597
|
0.299
|
0.463
|
12
|
|
Samlasar
|
0.369
|
0.597
|
0.329
|
0.432
|
15
|
|
Tupni
|
0.567
|
0.597
|
0.423
|
0.529
|
1
|
|
Vasai
|
0.389
|
0.597
|
0.296
|
0.428
|
16
|
|
Village Average
|
0.479
|
0.597
|
0.337
|
0.471
|
|
|
India
|
0.620
|
0.645
|
0.591
|
0.619
|
|
Tupni
Samlasar
Rajpara
Pindara
Padli
Okhamadhi
Aniyari
Vasai 0.550
0.500
0.450
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.200
Mulvel
Mojap
Bhimrana
Charakala
Gaga
Ghadechi
Goriali
Gurgad
Hamusar
Khatumba
By 2011 a Health and
Education committee should be established in every village. This committee will
replace the current drinking water committee established in around 50% of all
villages. As a result the committee structure of each village should be as
follows.
Village
Watershed
Committee
SHG
Committee
Health and
Education
Committee
It has
been decided to replace the current drinking water committee rather than form a
separate committee as drinking water is a health related issue meaning it is
open for discussion by the new committee and the drinking water committees are
not yet widely established. It is proposed that the new Health and Education
committee contains the following individuals.
Sarpanch
2 Primary Health Officials
2 Teachers
2 Villagers (1 man and 1 woman)
The two most fundamental
aspects retraining the development of health and education in the area are
attitudes and facilities. For example;
|
|
Health
|
Education
|
|
Attitudes
|
Eight people died due to
|
The
literacy and enrolment rates of
|
|
|
snakebites
in the last year. Some
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the
region are very low particularly
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|
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of
these deaths would have been
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amongst
females due to the belief
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preventable had the
villages
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that
education is too costly for girls
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approached doctors rather
than
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as they are needed to
assist in
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religious healers
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housework.
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Facilities
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For many villages the
nearest
|
The
enrolment rates of the children
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|
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health
facilities are the hospitals in
|
in
migratory communities are very
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|
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Dwarka or Mithapur, with
no
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low as
many are pulled away from
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|
|
provision at the village
level.
|
school when the family
migrates.
|
The Health and Education
committees will play a key role in facilitating the change in attitudes and
monitoring the improvement in facilities towards certain targets for
development to be established by TCSRD in conjunction with the committees.
Random inspections and monitoring of health (dispensaries) and education
(schools) facilities should be conducted by the H&E committee. Finally, the
committees (through the teachers) should control the village level efforts to
ensure enrolment and reduce dropout.
Creation of a Dispensary in
every village
It is proposed that each
village should have at the very least a small medical dispensary in the short
run with the long term aim being that each village should contain a primary
health centre (PHC). Such a facility will reduce the cost of medical care
incurred by the villagers as transport costs to the nearest hospital will be
removed. The dispensary should be operated by the village PHOs who will receive
medicines from the government and sell them to the villagers at the market
rate. In this way the dispensaries will be self financing.
Primary Health Officials
(PHOs)
It is proposed that within
each village 4 PHOs (2 male and 2 female) are trained by Tata in basic health
and first aid. The hope is that these officials will become the first port of
call for villagers in need of healthcare to avoid the problem of religious
healers giving medical advice. The PHOs will create a link to the PHCs and will
be obliged to refer any serious or repeat illness on to the PHC so the sufferer
can receive treatment from a doctor.
Healthcare Loans
In a system similar to that
run by the NGO Swayam Shikshan Prayog (SSP) in Maharashtra a system of healthcare
loans should be established to make funds available for medical emergencies.
Under this system a bank account in the name of a Community Based Health Fund
is created into which each SHG member contributes Rp100 per annum. Loans of
Rp2,000-5,000 are then available at a rate of 1% per month.
Health Camps
Health camps for key groups
such as pregnant women should be run 5 times a year to provide the women with
prenatal care and the correct nutrition (iron). There are already NGOs working
specifically on this issue so it may be worth investigating a partnership.
Health and Education
Awareness Camps
With respect to health
these camps should be focused on issues such as AIDs and focused on the
villages (such as Bhimrana) with the highest floating population (contact
labour and truck drivers) who are most at risk.
Sanitation Drive
We have budgeted for 1000
W/C units to be built across the villages along with sanitation awareness
programmes at both the village and school level. This is with the aim of 50% of
households having access to improved sanitary facilities within 5 years.
Sanitation awareness will also be run 6 times per year in schools.
Provision of Clean Drinking
Water
A further 1,500
roof rainwater harvesting structures are to be constructed along with well,
check dam and pond repairing and 5 R.O. plants. The provision of clean drinking
water is important for health but also for the reduction of female drudgery.
Improved water provision can save women up to 3 hours per day which can be used
towards other economic activities.
Monitoring and Inspection
An important role to be
fulfilled by the H&E committee is the monitoring of the practices of the
PHOs and the inspection of healthcare facilities in the village such as the
dispensary or PHC.
Box. Top 5 reasons for non-attendance by tribal
children
1. Parents have no interest in the study of their
children (23%)
2. For doing household work
(22.5%)
3. Engaged in wages/earning
activities (18.5%)
4. Engaged in economic
activity with family or outside it (14.5%)
5. To look after siblings
(11%)
Source: Hirway and Thakar, 2003, in Gujarat
Development Report 2004.
Adult Education
To be targeted specifically
at people in their 20s and 30s who have received some formal education but are
still lacking in literacy. This programme is designed to improve the literacy
of the adult population of the village by 20% over 5 years and to do so will
have to educate 40 adults per year in a village with an adult population of
1000. Small financial incentives of Rp100 could be provided.
Education Scholarships
Tata currently provides 90
children with SCSD scholarships to study in 8th, 9th and 10th standards at a cost of Rp
4500. This scholarship scheme should be extended and focused towards the villages
with the poorest standards of enrolment (such as Gaga, Mulvel and Samlasar). A
separate TCSRD scholarship scheme could access a wider community with awareness
promoted through the health and education awareness camps. A ‘TCSRD Scholarship’
could be emphasised as a prestigious award and perhaps linked to the Balutsav
scheme which has been running successfully.
Monitoring and Inspection
The practices of teachers
should be monitored and school facilities inspected to ensure they meet a fit
standard for education.
Health and Education
Awareness Camps
With respect to education
the awareness camps should focus on the benefits of education, especially to
girls. There is an appreciation amongst villagers that education up to 10th standard can provide genuine
employment opportunities but a lack of appreciation of the importance of basic
education. Efforts must be made to highlight the importance of basic education
for their children as well as the potential for study at a higher level
provided by high school expansion and Tata Scholarships.
Education
There are approximately
15,000 people belonging to the Rabari caste of shepherds of which two-thirds or
10,000 people migrate. From this population roughly 1,000 children are of
school going age and it is estimated only 20-30% of these children are
enrolled. A target to increase this figure to 50% over the next 5 years has
been set and to achieve this target it is necessary to improve both the
attitudes of these people and the facilities available to them.
Attitudes: education is given a low priority by migratory people who
prefer to have all members of the household assisting with their herds.
Attempts should be made to improve the Rabari’s attitudes to education
(especially with respect to girls for whom school attendance is very low
amongst this group) and establish practices, for example, where a mother of a
large family with 5 or 6 children stays at home during the migratory period so
that children can attend school. Although school is free, education is not and
attempts should be made to break down the attitude that education is too costly
by emphasising the incentive schemes in place such as free school meals, book
and uniform especially for girls.
Facilities: a second
boarding house is required in the area on top of the one currently situated in
Gurgad. This facility has only 4 rooms and despite initially housing 140
children this number is now around 40. This decline has occurred because of a
lack of awareness promotion and because of political friction within the
community – many of whom preferred the school to be located in Dwarka.
o A
new boarding house is proposed for the town of Baradia (8km from Dwarka) which
already
has primary and secondary education facilities. The target date for the
facility to be established is 2012. Until this point efforts should be made to
fund raise for the boarding house (already 20-30 lahks have been raised by the
Rabari community) and establish a partnership with an education focused
district NGO.
Health
Attitudes: the primary need
with regards to the health of this community is awareness. TB is a major health
problem yet many remain unaware of the successfully and well functioning
government TB programme and so fail to take advantage of it.
Infrastructure: with
regards to the health infrastructure of the migratory community it will be more
difficult for them to benefit from the system of health officials and
dispensaries being placed in each village. It is therefore proposed to train
one member of each group of migratory households (of approximately 20 people)
in basic first aid.
Rural Economic Development
Programmes (REDPs)
REDPs continue to be an
important step towards diversifying income and creating income sources for the
village population separate from agriculture. 33 REDP programmes are planned in
the 18 core villages for the next 5 years. Each programme trains 25 people and
with a typical success rate of 50-60%, 400-500 new sources of non-agricultural
income can be expected to be generated in the next 5 years. Currently, 5-10% of
village income is non agricultural but it is targeted for this figure to reach
15% in 5 years.
Self Help Groups (SHGs)
Play an important role in
the continued economic independence and empowerment of women. A further 57 are
planned for the coming 5 years.
Natural Resource Management
(NRM)
NRM continues to be key in
the drive to improve the income of the area which is predominantly agricultural
and still heavily dependent on rainfall. As such three prime areas have been
identified for future development;
1. Water harvesting
structures: over 900 of varying sizes.
2. Irrigation: of 420 acres of
already productive land.
3. Land reclamation: of 825
acres of potentially productive acres.
Agricultural Insurance
Insurance is a very good idea with respect to HDI as stable income will
result in higher Standard of Living Index scores on average than income that
varies between being high and low. For the communities TCSRD are involved with
rainfall is the main determinant of agricultural output.
ICICI offer an agricultural
insurance programme under which a premium of Rp600 is paid per acre and
compensation is then paid in stages dependent on the level of rainfall.
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Sr
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Name of Activity
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#Vills
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Units
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Unit
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Approximate
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No
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Cost
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|
|
Budget
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Health
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Health Awareness Programme (per Year Nos 5*)
|
18
|
|
25
|
30000
|
|
750,000
|
|
||||||||
|
2
|
|
|
General Health Camp (per Year Nos 2*)
|
18
|
|
10
|
75000
|
|
750,000
|
|
||||||||
|
3
|
|
|
Village Level Health committee (per Vill. Nos 1*)
|
18
|
|
18
|
20000
|
|
360,000
|
|
||||||||
|
4
|
|
|
Village Level Health Both center (per Vill Nos 1*))
|
18
|
|
18
|
10000
|
|
180,000
|
|
||||||||
|
5
|
|
|
Trained Health worker (per vill 4,*(2 male 2 Female)
|
18
|
72
|
5000
|
|
360,000
|
|
|||||||||
|
6
|
|
|
Training for Health worker & village Committee
|
18
|
|
72
|
2500
|
|
180,000
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,580,000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Education
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Education awareness program (per Year Nos 2*)
|
18
|
|
180
|
3500
|
|
630,000
|
|
||||||||
|
2
|
|
|
Education Camps ( Per year 1*)
|
18
|
|
5
|
25000
|
|
125,000
|
|
||||||||
|
3
|
|
|
Adult Education Class ( Per Vill Nos 50* Adults)
|
18
|
|
200
|
350
|
|
70,000
|
|
||||||||
|
4
|
|
|
Training of Capacity Building (per Year Nos 1*)
|
18
|
|
5
|
15000
|
|
75,000
|
|
||||||||
|
5
|
|
|
Boys & Girls Boding( Nos 2*)
|
18
|
|
2
|
6000000
|
|
12,000,000
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
:-
|
12,900,000
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drinking facility
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Roof Rain water harvesting structure
|
18
|
|
1500
|
30000
|
|
45,000,000
|
|
||||||||
|
2
|
|
|
Well & Check dam Repairing
|
18
|
|
60
|
100000
|
|
6,000,000
|
|
||||||||
|
3
|
|
|
Pond Repairing
|
18
|
|
30
|
75000
|
|
2,250,000
|
|
||||||||
|
4
|
|
|
Pumping Machinery
|
18
|
|
18
|
30000
|
|
540,000
|
|
||||||||
|
5
|
|
|
Storage Tank / Sump
|
5
|
|
5
|
225000
|
|
1,125,000
|
|
||||||||
|
6
|
|
|
RO Plant
|
5
|
|
5
|
900000
|
|
4,500,000
|
|
||||||||
|
7
|
|
|
Pipe Line Networking
|
18
|
|
18
|
125000
|
|
2,250,000
|
|
||||||||
|
8
|
|
|
Sock pit
|
18
|
|
1500
|
5000
|
|
7,500,000
|
|
||||||||
|
9
|
|
|
RO Plant in Primary School & High school
|
12
|
|
12
|
300000
|
|
3,600,000
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
:-
|
72,765,000
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sanitation Facility
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
W/C Unit
|
18
|
|
1000
|
9000
|
|
9,000,000
|
|
||||||||
|
2
|
|
|
Sanitation Awareness Program (per Year Nos 6*)
|
18
|
|
540
|
3000
|
|
1,620,000
|
|
||||||||
|
3
|
|
|
Gram Safai ( Per Year Nos 4*)
|
18
|
|
360
|
500
|
|
180,000
|
|
||||||||
|
4
|
|
|
School Sanitation Awareness Program (per Yr Nos 3*)
|
18
|
270
|
1500
|
|
405,000
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
:-
|
11,205,000
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income Generation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
REDP programme (25 people each)
|
17
|
|
33
|
80000
|
|
2,640,000
|
|
||||||||
|
2
|
|
|
Water Harvesting Structures - Small
|
18
|
|
845
|
15000
|
|
12,675,000
|
|
||||||||
|
3
|
|
|
Water Harvesting Structures - Medium
|
18
|
|
63
|
300000
|
|
18,900,000
|
|
||||||||
|
4
|
|
|
Water Harvesting Structures - Large
|
14
|
|
12
|
|
(Variable)
|
10,750,000
|
|
||||||||
|
5
|
|
|
Irrigation
|
18
|
|
420
|
30000
|
|
12,600,000
|
|
||||||||
|
6
|
|
|
Land Reclamation
|
18
|
|
825
|
5000
|
|
4,125,000
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
:-
|
61,690,000
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
5 year HDI Budget
|
161,140,000
|
|
||||||||
A large
improvement in the Health Index cannot be expected in the short term as improvements
in healthcare will need many years to fully filter through. However, better
access to medical services and the health loans scheme facilitating access to
healthcare will lead to some small improvements in the short term. We can
expect the life expectancy of the area to improve by slightly over 3 years and
a life expectancy of 64 years would result in a Health Index of 0.65.
Improvements in the
Education Index can be expected in the short term. The extensive adult literacy
programme along with continued improvement in the literacy rates of children
mean an increase in the literacy rate of 20% or so is not unrealistic.
Likewise, enrolment drives focused through village health and education
committees along with improved enrolment of the Rabari through boarding houses
and girls through awareness camps mean a similar increase of 20% in enrolment
(up to 85% is possible) as evident through the fact that there are already
village achieving enrolment rates over 90%.
Finally, through improved
water management and farming techniques, along with greater income through
non-agricultural sources facilitated by the REDP programmes income can be
expected to rise by 50% in the next 5 years (approximately 8.5% per annum). If
income is starting from the initial village average identified in March 2008 or
around Rp7,500 per capita an increase in the Standard of Living Index from its
current level of 0.341 to 0.409 would result. If, as seems likely, average
income currently stands closer to Rp12,000 the change would be from 0.425 to
0.493.
Overall, these changes
would shift HDI from its current standing of 0.472 to 0.580, a level of
development similar to that of Bhutan which ranks 133rd in the UN HDI standings.
If income is found to be higher then the shift would be from 0.500 to 0.608.
|
|
2009
|
2014
|
|
Health
|
0.597
|
0.650
|
|
Education
|
0.479
|
0.680
|
|
Standard of Living
|
0.341
|
0.409
|
|
HDI
|
0.472
|
0.580
|
Conclusions – To take away
1. The TWO main obstacles to
health and education are attitudes and facilities. TCSRD must make it their goal
to change attitudes and improve facilities.
2. This is a long term process.
TCSRD must make it their aim to improve attitudes and facilities as quickly and
efficiently as possible but must not expect the HDI indices for health and
education to improve dramatically over the short term.
Health
8
villages (Vasai, Murkampur, Juni Dhrewad, Shivrajeur, Mojap, Gorinja, Bardiyer
and Varvala) were surveyed and the age of each death in the last 5 years was
recorded. Across the 8 villages for 5 years the aggregate deaths within the age
groups were calculated as shown below.
|
Village
|
Total
|
|
Years
|
5
|
|
<1
|
3
|
|
1-4
|
4
|
|
5-9
|
7
|
|
10-14
|
2
|
|
15-19
|
11
|
|
20-24
|
19
|
|
25-29
|
19
|
|
30-34
|
19
|
|
35-39
|
14
|
|
40-44
|
29
|
|
45-49
|
18
|
|
50-54
|
32
|
|
55-59
|
33
|
|
60-64
|
39
|
|
65-69
|
30
|
|
70-74
|
25
|
|
75-79
|
31
|
|
80-85
|
26
|
|
85+
|
53
|
|
Total
|
414
|
Population statistics were
then taken from the 2001 census data for the 8 villages as shown below. Where
the census data did not match the age groups exactly the age group was divided
in two. For example, 310 people were said to lie in the age bands 40-44 and
45-49.
|
0-4
|
1198
|
|
5-9
|
1311
|
|
10-14
|
1211
|
|
15-19
|
996
|
|
20-29
|
1700
|
|
30-39
|
1166
|
|
40-49
|
620
|
|
50-59
|
480
|
|
60+
|
511
|
|
Total
|
9194
|
|
|
Literacy
|
|
Education
|
|
|
Rate
|
Enrolment
|
Index
|
|
Aniyari
|
0.273
|
0.635
|
0.394
|
|
Bhimrana
|
0.543
|
0.503
|
0.530
|
|
Charakala
|
0.419
|
0.708
|
0.515
|
|
Gaga
|
0.467
|
0.43
|
0.455
|
|
Ghadechi
|
0.391
|
0.787
|
0.523
|
|
Goriali
|
0.298
|
0.771
|
0.456
|
|
Gurgad
|
0.464
|
0.652
|
0.527
|
|
Hamusar
|
0.363
|
0.595
|
0.440
|
|
Khatumba
|
0.406
|
0.735
|
0.516
|
|
Mojap
|
0.325
|
0.719
|
0.456
|
|
Mulvel
|
0.265
|
0.421
|
0.317
|
|
Okhamadhi
|
0.377
|
0.75
|
0.501
|
|
Padli
|
0.506
|
0.743
|
0.585
|
|
Pindara
|
0.42
|
0.918
|
0.586
|
|
Rajpara
|
0.445
|
0.591
|
0.494
|
|
Samlasar
|
0.338
|
0.43
|
0.369
|
|
Tupni
|
0.445
|
0.81
|
0.567
|
|
Vasai
|
0.269
|
0.63
|
0.389
|
|
Village
|
|
|
|
|
Average
|
0.390
|
0.657
|
0.479
|
|
India
|
0.610
|
0.638
|
0.620
|
|
|
|
|
SoL
|
|
|
|
pc
|
PPPUS
|
Inde
|
|
|
|
income
|
$
|
x
|
|
|
Aniyari
|
4944
|
526
|
0.277
|
$:Rp Ex Rate = 44.1
|
|
Bhimrana
|
7974
|
848
|
0.357
|
|
|
Charakala
|
6978
|
742
|
0.335
|
Indian PPP = 100/4.69 =
21.32
|
|
Gaga
|
7612
|
810
|
0.349
|
|
|
Ghadechi
|
6614
|
703
|
0.326
|
|
|
Goriali
|
7763
|
826
|
0.352
|
|
|
Gurgad
|
7048
|
750
|
0.336
|
|
|
Hamusar
|
6258
|
666
|
0.316
|
|
|
Khatumba
|
7368
|
784
|
0.344
|
|
|
Mojap
|
5388
|
573
|
0.291
|
|
|
Mulvel
|
6397
|
680
|
0.320
|
|
|
Okhamadhi
|
10536
|
1120
|
0.403
|
|
|
Padli
|
7843
|
834
|
0.354
|
|
|
Pindara
|
7951
|
846
|
0.356
|
|
|
Rajpara
|
5633
|
599
|
0.299
|
|
|
Samlasar
|
6751
|
718
|
0.329
|
|
|
Tupni
|
11875
|
1263
|
0.423
|
|
|
Vasai
|
5536
|
589
|
0.296
|
|
|
|
7248.27
|
|
|
|
|
Average
|
8
|
771
|
0.341
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agriculture
|
|
Village
|
Water harvesting
structures
|
|
development
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
Micro
|
|
|
|
|
Smal
|
|
|
irrigatio
|
|
Land
reclamation
|
|
|
l
|
Med
|
Big
|
n
|
Infrastructure facility
|
(Acre)
|
|
Aniyari
|
40
|
4
|
1
|
25
|
Drinking water facility
|
75
|
|
Bhimrana
|
75
|
4
|
|
20
|
-------
|
100
|
|
Charakala
|
75
|
3
|
1
|
15
|
|
100
|
|
Gaga
|
50
|
3
|
1
|
25
|
1 pipeline, hand pump
|
150
|
|
Ghadechi
|
40
|
3
|
|
30
|
Drinking water facilty
|
75
|
|
Goriyali
|
45
|
3
|
1
|
30
|
Drinking water facilty
|
75
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Well, hand pump,
|
|
|
Gurgadh
|
35
|
4
|
|
20
|
pipeline
|
100
|
|
Hamusar
|
75
|
4
|
|
30
|
Drinking water facilty
|
75
|
|
Khatumba
|
50
|
5
|
1
|
25
|
Comm well, pond
|
75
|
|
Mojap/Lalpur
|
25
|
3
|
1
|
25
|
|
75
|
|
Mulvel
|
40
|
4
|
|
20
|
Drinking water facilty
|
50
|
|
Okhamadhi
|
75
|
5
|
1
|
10
|
Drinking water facilty
|
75
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Community pond,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Community diversion
|
|
|
Padli
|
50
|
2
|
|
15
|
channel
|
75
|
|
Pindara
|
50
|
3
|
1
|
20
|
Well, pipeline
|
100
|
|
Rajpara
|
40
|
4
|
1
|
25
|
Comm well, pond
|
75
|
|
Samlasar
|
25
|
3
|
1
|
25
|
|
75
|
|
Tupni
|
25
|
2
|
1
|
30
|
|
75
|
|
Vasai
|
30
|
4
|
1
|
30
|
|
100
|
|
|
845
|
63
|
12
|
420
|
|
825
|
|
Unit Cost
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(lahk)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WHS - small
|
0.15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WHS -
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
medium
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.5-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WHS - big
|
22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Irrigation
|
0.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Land
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reclamation
|
0.05
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agriculture
|
|
Village
|
Water harvesting
structures cost (lakhs)
|
development
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Land
|
|
|
|
|
|
Micro
|
reclamation
|
|
|
small
|
Medium
|
Big
|
irrigation
|
(Acre)
|
|
Aniyari
|
6
|
12
|
7.5
|
7.5
|
3.75
|
|
Bhimrana
|
11.25
|
12
|
|
6
|
5.00
|
|
Charakala
|
11.25
|
9
|
10.5
|
4.5
|
5
|
|
Gaga
|
7.5
|
9
|
9
|
7.5
|
7.5
|
|
Ghadechi
|
6
|
9
|
0
|
9
|
3.75
|
|
Goriyali
|
6.75
|
9
|
5.5
|
9
|
3.75
|
|
Gurgadh
|
5.25
|
12
|
10.00
|
6
|
5
|
|
Hamusar
|
11.25
|
12
|
0
|
9
|
3.75
|
|
Khatumba
|
7.5
|
15
|
9.5
|
7.5
|
3.75
|
|
Mojap/Lalpur
|
3.75
|
9
|
6.5
|
7.5
|
3.75
|
|
Mulvel
|
6
|
12
|
8.50
|
6
|
2.50
|
|
Okhamadhi
|
11.25
|
15
|
22
|
3
|
3.75
|
|
Padli
|
7.5
|
6
|
0
|
4.5
|
3.75
|
|
Pindara
|
7.5
|
9
|
8.50
|
6
|
5
|
|
Rajpara
|
6
|
12
|
7.5
|
7.5
|
3.75
|
|
Samlasar
|
3.75
|
9
|
8.5
|
7.5
|
3.75
|
|
Tupni
|
3.75
|
6
|
10
|
9
|
3.75
|
|
Vasai
|
4.5
|
12
|
11
|
9
|
5.00
|
|
Village
|
SHGs
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
Total
|
Total REDPs 2014
|
|
Aniyari
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
2
|
|
Bhimrana
|
16
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
23
|
6
|
|
Charakala
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
2
|
|
Gaga
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
5
|
2
|
|
Ghadechi
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
7
|
2
|
|
Goriali
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
2
|
|
Gurgad
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
4
|
2
|
|
Hamusar
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
5
|
1
|
|
Khatumba
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
2
|
|
Mojap
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
6
|
2
|
|
Mulvel
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
|
Okhamadhi
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
5
|
2
|
|
Padli
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
|
Pindara
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
5
|
2
|
|
Rajpara
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
1
|
|
Samlasar
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
1
|
|
Tupni
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
9
|
2
|
|
Vasai
|
6
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
8
|
1
|
|
Total
|
47
|
19
|
18
|
10
|
6
|
4
|
104
|
33
|
Per SHG Expence Rs.2000 X
Formation Self Help Group 100 = 2,00,000/-Per field worker One Year expence
Rs.60,000/-X 72,00,000/-Total Expence =Rs.74,00,000/-
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